Xinhua News Agency, Beijing, December 4th. The State Council Information Office published the white paper “China’s Democracy” on the 4th. The full text is as follows:
China’s Democracy
(December 2021)
The People’s Republic of China
The State Council Information Office
Catalog
Foreword
1. The Communist Party of China leads the people to achieve people’s democracy in the whole process
2. Have scientific and effective institutional arrangements
(I) The state system that implements people’s democratic dictatorship
（ 2) The political system that implements the People’s Congress system
(III) Adhere to and improve the multi-party cooperation and political consultation system under the leadership of the Communist Party of China
(IV) Consolidate and develop the broadest patriotic united front
(V) Adhere to and improve the system of regional ethnic autonomy
(VI) Adhere to and improve the grassroots mass autonomy system
III. Democratic practice with concrete reality
(I) Democratic election
(II) Democratic consultation
(III) Democratic decision-making
(I) Democratic management
(V) Democratic supervision
IV. Wide, real and effective democracy
(I) People enjoy extensive rights
(III) People’s democratic participation continues to expand (III) Efficient national governance
(I) Social harmony and stability
(V) Effective restraint and supervision of the use of power
p>
5. Enrich the form of human political civilization
(1) Explore new paths for the development of human democracy
(2) Take the path of democratic development that conforms to national conditions
(3) Promote the democratization of international relations
(4) Strengthen exchanges and mutual learning in civilizations
Conclusion
Preface
Democracy is the common value of all mankind and an important concept that the Communist Party of China and the Chinese people have always adhered to.
This year marks the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Communist Party of China. 100 years ago, once the Communist Party of China was born, it established its original aspiration and mission to seek happiness for the Chinese people and rejuvenation for the Chinese nation, and made unremitting exploration and struggle to realize the people’s mastery of their own country. Over the past 100 years, the Party has held high the banner of people’s democracy and led the people to realize the people’s mastery of their own country in a country with thousands of years of feudal social history and a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society in modern times. The Chinese people have truly become the masters of the country, society and their own destiny.
China’s democracy is people’s democracy, and the people’s mastery of their own affairs is the essence and core of Chinese democracy. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the Party has deepened its understanding of the laws of China’s democratic politics development, put forward the important concept of people’s democracy throughout the process and vigorously promoted it.Increasingly, democratic values and concepts are further transformed into scientific and effective institutional arrangements and concrete and realistic democratic practices. The whole process of people’s democracy has achieved the unity of process democracy and result democracy, procedural democracy and substantive democracy, direct democracy and indirect democracy, people’s democracy and the national will. It is a full-chain, all-round and full-coverage democracy, and the broadest, most real and most effective socialist democracy.
Democracy is historical, concrete and developing. Democracy in various countries is rooted in the historical and cultural traditions of their own countries, and grew up in the practical exploration and intelligent creation of their own people. The paths of democracy are different, and the forms of democracy are different. To evaluate whether a country’s political system is democratic and effective, it mainly depends on whether the national leadership can be replaced in an orderly manner in accordance with the law, whether all people can manage state affairs and social affairs, economic and cultural undertakings in accordance with the law, whether the people can express their interests smoothly, whether all aspects of society can effectively participate in national political life, whether national decision-making can be scientific and democratic, whether people from all walks of life can enter the national leadership and management system through fair competition, whether the ruling party can achieve leadership over state affairs in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution and laws, and whether the use of power can be effectively restricted and supervised.
Democracy is not a decoration, not a decoration, but a problem that the people need to solve. Whether a country is democratic or not depends on whether the people are truly masters of their own country. It depends on whether the people have the right to vote, and more on whether the people have the right to participate widely; it depends on what verbal promises the people have obtained during the election process, and more on how many promises these promises have been achieved after the election; it depends on what political procedures and political rules stipulated by the system and law, and more on whether these systems and laws have been truly implemented; it depends on whether the rules and procedures for the operation of power are democratic, and more on whether power is truly supervised and restricted by the people.
Democracy is the right of people of all countries, not the patent of a few countries. Whether a country is democratic should be judged by the people of this country, and should not be judged by the fingers of a few outsiders. Which country in the international community is democratic or not should be judged by the international community, rather than by a few self-righteous countries. There are many ways to achieve democracy, and it is impossible to be the same. It is undemocratic to measure the world’s colorful political systems with a single ruler and to examine the colorful political civilization of mankind with a monotonous perspective.
Democracy is diverse and the world is colorful. In the garden of world civilization, the flowers of democracy in China bloom brilliantly. China is willing to exchange and learn from all countries and work together to contribute wisdom and strength to the development and progress of human political civilization.
1. The Communist Party of China leads the people to achieve people’s democracy in the whole process
The Chinese nation is a nation with a long history, hardworking and wise, and has created a brilliant and splendid political civilization. In the long history of more than 5,000 years, the people-oriented idea explored and formed by the Chinese people contains rich democratic factors and reflects the Chinese people’s simple understanding and unremitting pursuit of democracy. However, under the feudal autocracy,The working people are always at the bottom of oppression and exploitation. After modern times, China gradually became a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, with the country going to collapse, the nation going to perish, and the people had no democracy. In order to save the nation, the Chinese people rose up to fight, various revolutionary changes took place one after another, and various plans for saving the country were introduced one after another, but none of them were successful. After the Xinhai Revolution, China’s various attempts to imitate Western political system models such as parliamentary system, multi-party system, and presidential system ended in failure. The rise of the new cultural movement with the basic slogans of “democracy” and “science”, the victory of the Russian October Revolution, the outbreak of the May Fourth Movement, the spread of Marxism in China, promoted the great awakening of the Chinese people, and Chinese advanced elements had deeper thinking and new understanding of democracy.
In 1921, the Communist Party of China was founded, lighting up the light of China’s democracy. During the New Democratic Revolution, the Party led the people to fight for democracy, resist oppression and exploitation, achieved the victory of the New Democratic Revolution, established the New China, and realized the great leap from thousands of years of feudal autocratic politics to people’s democracy. The Chinese people have stood up since then, China’s democratic development has entered a new era, and the people’s mastery of their own affairs has changed from dreams to reality. During the period of socialist revolution and construction, the Party led the people to establish and consolidate the state power, carry out socialist transformation of means of production, formulate and promulgate the first Constitution of New China, establish the system of people’s congresses, the system of multi-party cooperation and political consultation led by the Communist Party of China, and the system of regional ethnic autonomy. The political structure, economic foundation, legal principles, and institutional framework for the people to be masters of their own country were basically established and continuously developed, and China’s democratic edifice stood tall. In the new era of reform and opening up and socialist modernization, the Party leads the people to unswervingly promote the construction of socialist democracy and rule of law, adhere to the path of political development with Chinese characteristics, adhere to the organic unity of the Party’s leadership, the people’s mastery of their own affairs, and the rule of law, actively and steadily promote political system reform, consolidate and develop the system of people’s congresses, and further improve the system of multi-party cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, the system of regional ethnic autonomy, and the system of grassroots mass autonomy. The political system guarantee and social material foundation for democratic development are more solid.
Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, socialism with Chinese characteristics has entered a new era. The Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping as the core, based on a new historical orientation, deeply grasps the new changes in the main contradictions in Chinese society, actively responds to the people’s new requirements and expectations for democracy, deeply learns from the experience and lessons of governance, chaos, rise and fall in ancient and modern times, comprehensively summarizes the remarkable achievements made in China’s democratic development, unites and leads the people’s democracy in the whole process, and China’s democratic development has entered a new historical era. Adhere to and strengthen the Party’s overall leadership, deepen the reform of Party and state institutions, and the Party’s people’s entire process of developmentDemocratic leadership is further strengthened. Promote the modernization of the national governance system and governance capabilities, establish and adhere to the fundamental, basic and important systems of socialism with Chinese characteristics, and make the system of people’s mastery of their own affairs more sound. Comprehensively promote democratic elections, democratic consultation, democratic decision-making, democratic management, and democratic supervision, and coordinately promote electoral democracy and consultative democracy. The people’s orderly political participation in accordance with the law continues to expand, and the people’s democratic life is rich and colorful. The whole process of people’s democracy makes the people’s masters better reflected in the national political life and social life, the superiority of the socialist political system with Chinese characteristics is better played, the lively, stable and united political situation has been consolidated and developed, and has inspired and condensed the tremendous strength of the Chinese people to fight for the new era. The Party united and led the people to achieve major strategic results in fighting the COVID-19 epidemic, solved the problem of absolute poverty historic solution, built a moderately prosperous society in all respects, resolved a series of major risks, embarked on a new journey of comprehensively building a modern socialist country, and moved towards common prosperity for all people. People’s democracy throughout the process showed vitality and strong vitality in the land of China. The Chinese people’s democracy has become more determined, and China’s democratic path is getting wider and wider.
The whole process of people’s democracy is the great creation of the Communist Party of China to unite and lead the people to pursue democracy, develop democracy, and realize democracy, and is the crystallization of the experience of the Party in continuously promoting China’s democratic theory, system innovation and practical innovation. The history of the struggle of the Communist Party of China is the history of the struggle of uniting and leading the people to explore, form and develop the entire process of people’s democracy. People’s democracy throughout the whole process is the inevitable result of the Party’s long-term struggle of the historical logic, theoretical logic and practical logic since modern times, and is an inevitable requirement for upholding the Party’s essential attributes and practicing the Party’s fundamental purpose. The whole process of people’s democracy fully demonstrates the nature of a socialist country, fully demonstrates the people’s dominant position, so that the people’s will can be better reflected, the people’s rights and interests can be better protected, and the people’s creative vitality can be further stimulated. The whole process of people’s democracy has formed and developed in the unremitting struggle of the Party to lead the people to strive for national independence, people’s liberation, and achieve national prosperity and people’s happiness. It is rooted in the vast land of China, absorbs the cultural nutrients accumulated by the long struggle of the Chinese nation, learns and draws on the excellent achievements of human civilization, is in line with China’s national conditions, is sincerely supported by the people, and has a deep realistic foundation and broad development prospects. The whole process of people’s democracy has complete institutional procedures and complete participation practices, which have better combined two important democratic forms, electoral democracy and consultative democracy, and built a democratic system covering more than 9.6 million square kilometers of land, more than 1.4 billion people, and 56 ethnic groups, achieving the broad and continuous participation of the vast majority of the people. All passedCheng’s people’s democracy has distinct Chinese characteristics and reflects the common values of all mankind, and has contributed Chinese wisdom and Chinese solutions to the enrichment and development of human political civilization.
The leadership of the Communist Party of China is the fundamental guarantee for people’s democracy throughout China’s development. In a big country like China, it is not easy to truly express and realize the wishes of more than 1.4 billion people well. We must have strong and strong unified leadership. The Communist Party of China has always adhered to the people-centered approach and upholds the people’s dominant position, truly governing for the people and relying on people. href=”https://funnybookish.com/”>KomiksThe people are in power; give full play to the core leadership role of taking overall charge and coordinating all parties, ensure that the Party leads the people to effectively govern the country, and ensure that the concepts, principles and policies of people’s democracy are implemented in all aspects of the country’s political life and social life; adhere to the mass line of everything for the masses, relying on the masses, coming from the masses, and going to the masses, maintaining close ties with the masses, and gathering the wisdom of the vast majority of the people. Wisdom and strength; adhere to intra-party democracy, implement democratic elections, democratic decision-making, democratic management, and democratic supervision, and drive and promote the development of people’s democracy; improve the system and mechanism for personnel selection and employment, so that outstanding talents in all aspects can enter the Party’s leadership system and the national governance system, and ensure that the leadership of the Party and the country is in the hands of those who are loyal to Marxism, the Party and the people; adhere to governing according to law and governing the country according to law, leading legislation, ensuring law enforcement, supporting justice, taking the lead in abiding by the law, ensuring effective implementation of Party policies and ensuring that the people are masters of their own affairs through the rule of law.
2. Have scientific and effective institutional arrangements
In China, all national systems are built around the people’s mastery of their own affairs, and the national governance system is operated around realizing the people’s mastery of their own affairs. People’s democracy in the whole process has complete institutional procedures. These institutional procedures have formed a comprehensive, broad and organically connected system for people to be masters of their own affairs, and have built diverse, smooth and orderly democratic channels, effectively ensuring the unity of the Party’s propositions, the state’s will, and the people’s will, and effectively ensuring that the people to be masters of their own affairs.
(I) The state system that implements the people’s democratic dictatorship
China is a socialist country led by the working class and based on the alliance of workers and peasants. The people’s democratic dictatorship reflects the fundamental nature of China’s nationality.
China adheres to the organic unity of democracy and dictatorship, ensuring that the people are masters of their own affairs. On the one hand, always adhere to the “democracy” in the people’s democratic dictatorship, insist that all the power of the state belongs to the people, and ensure that the people manage state affairs, economic and cultural undertakings through various channels and forms in accordance with the Constitution and laws; on the other hand, always adhere to the “dictatorship” in the people’s democratic dictatorship, fully perform the dictatorship functions of the state power, and crack down on undermining the socialist system, subverting the state power, and endangering the country in accordance with the law.Various criminal acts such as home security and public safety, safeguard legal dignity and legal order, and protect the interests of the country and the people. Democracy and dictatorship are not contradictory, they are all aimed at ensuring that the people are masters of their own affairs. The crackdown on the very few is to protect the majority, and the implementation of dictatorship is to realize democracy.
(2) The political system that implements the People’s Congress system
The People’s Congress system is a form of government organization that adapts to the people’s democratic dictatorship, is China’s fundamental political system, the fundamental way and highest form of realization for the Chinese people to be masters of their own country, and an important institutional carrier for realizing people’s democracy throughout the process. The People’s Congress system insists that all state power belongs to the people, ensure that the people are masters of their own affairs to the greatest extent, organically combine the Party’s leadership, the people’s masters of their own affairs, and the rule of law, and effectively ensure that the national governance breaks out of the historical cycle of governance, chaos, rise and fall. The People’s Congress system correctly handles a series of major political relations that are related to the future and destiny of the country, realizes the unified and effective organization of various undertakings of the country, safeguards national unity and national unity, and effectively ensures that the country’s political life is both vibrant and stable and orderly.
The people effectively exercise state power through the People’s Congress. The People’s Congress exercises state powers uniformly on behalf of the people. The National People’s Congress is the highest state power organ, and the local people’s congress is the local state power organ. State administrative organs, supervisory organs, judicial organs and procuratorial organs at all levels are all produced by the People’s Congress and are responsible to the National People’s Congress and are supervised by the National People’s Congress. The People’s Congress has legislative power, supervision power, decision-making power, and appointment and removal power. The National People’s Congress and its Standing Committee exercise the national legislative power, and the National People’s Congress exercises the power to amend the Constitution and formulate and amend criminal, civil, state institutions and other basic laws; the National People’s Congress exercises the power of review and approval of the President of the State and Vice President, Premier, Vice Premier and other members of the State Council, Chairman and Other Members of the Central Military Commission, Director of the National Supervisory Commission, President of the Supreme People’s Court, and Procurator-General of the Supreme People’s Procuratorate; the National People’s Congress exercises the power of review and approval of the implementation of the Constitution and the work of the “one government, one committee and two courts” and so on. Local people’s congresses at all levels and their standing committees exercise their corresponding powers in accordance with the law. The People’s Congress system has achieved extensive democracy, and has enabled people’s congresses at all levels to have a high degree of power, ensuring that the people grasp and exercise state power, and that the future and destiny of the country and nation are firmly in the hands of the people.
National Congress representatives fully reflect the people’s voice. The People’s Congress representatives come from the people, horizontally, from all regions, ethnic groups, aspects and classes; vertically, there are people’s congresses at the national, provincial, municipal, county and township levels, which are widely representative. As of the end of 2020, there were 2.62 million People’s Congress representatives nationwide, of which 94.5% of the total number of people’s congress representatives at the county and township levels accounted for 94.5%. The deputies of the National People’s Congress give full play to their advantages rooted in the people, conscientiously perform their duties in accordance with the law, and listen to and reflect the opinions and suggestions of the people through various forms and channels. The annual People’s Congress meetings at all levels are held from bottom to top and level in townships, counties, cities, provinces and the country, so that the wishes and voices of the people can be truly reflected and conveyed. Since the reform and opening up, at the National People’s Congress meeting every year, nearly 3,000 National People’s Congress deputies have discussed national development plans and discussed hot issues in people’s livelihood. The leaders of the Party and the state listened to their opinions and suggestions in person, so that the people’s thoughts and expectations can be integrated into the top-level design of national development. All state organs have carefully studied and handled proposals and suggestions put forward by NPC deputies in accordance with the law, and many of them have been absorbed into policy decisions.
The People’s Congress system provides important institutional guarantees for the Communist Party of China to lead the people to effectively govern the country. The Party has passed the People’s Congress system to make the Party’s propositions become the will of the state through legal procedures, so that the candidates recommended by the Party organization become leaders of the state power organs through legal procedures, and implemented the Party’s leadership over the state and society through the state power organs, safeguarded the authority of the Party and the state, and safeguarded the unity and unity of the whole Party and the whole country. Practice has fully proved that the People’s Congress system is a good system that conforms to China’s national conditions and reality, reflects the nature of a socialist country, ensures that the people are masters of their own affairs, and ensures the realization of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. It must be adhered to, fully implemented and continuously developed for a long time.
（III）Adhere to and improve the multi-party cooperation and political consultation system led by the Communist Party of China
The multi-party cooperation and political consultation system led by the Communist Party of China is a basic political system in China. This system is rooted in Chinese soil, demonstrates Chinese wisdom, and actively learns from and absorbs the excellent achievements of human political civilization. It is China’s new type of party system. The Constitution stipulates that the multi-party cooperation and political consultation system led by the Communist Party of China will exist and develop for a long time.
In China, in addition to the Communist Party of China, there are eight democratic parties (note ①). Under the common banner of people’s democracy, the Communist Party of China and various democratic parties have long coexisted, supervised each other, shared honor and disgrace, forming a new party system with distinct Chinese characteristics and significant advantages under the leadership of the Communist Party of China. The Communist Party of China is the ruling party, and the eight democratic parties are participating parties that accept the leadership of the Communist Party of China and work closely with the Communist Party of China. They are good advisers, helpers and colleagues of the Communist Party of China. In China, there are no opposition parties, nor opposition parties. China is neither one-party dictatorship nor multi-party competition or take turns in power, but “the Communist Party leads, multi-party cooperation, the Communist Party governs, and multi-party participation in politics.”
The Communist Party of China and various democratic parties and non-party members negotiate through meetings, interviews and lettersConsult on major national and local policies and important affairs in the form of face-to-face consultations. The Communist Party of China consciously accepts democratic supervision from various democratic parties and non-party members. The Communist Party of China and various democratic parties and non-party members work together in the state power. Members of democratic parties and non-party members account for a certain number of people’s congress deputies at all levels, members of the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress and members of the National People’s Congress special committees. Some members of democratic parties and non-party members hold leadership positions in state organs. All democratic parties and non-party members focus on the central work of the country, actively participate in politics and make suggestions, and play a role in national development.
The Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference is an important institution to implement the multi-party cooperation and political consultation system led by the Communist Party of China. As a special consultative body, the CPPCC promotes extensive unity, promotes multi-party cooperation, and practices people’s democracy in consultation. It not only upholds the historical traditions, but also reflects the characteristics of the times. It fully reflects the characteristics and advantages of China’s socialist democracy in discussing more things, discussing more things when encountering things, and discussing more things when doing things. It is an important part of the national governance system and an institutional arrangement with Chinese characteristics. On the CPPCC system platform, all parties, groups, ethnic groups and people from all walks of life play a representative role among the masses in the sector. Through plenary meetings, standing committee meetings, chairman meetings, special committee meetings, special consultation meetings, consultation seminars, etc., they carry out regular work such as proposals, committee inspections, special investigations, and reflections on social conditions and public opinion. They conduct extensive consultations, equal consultations, orderly consultations, and sincere consultations on major national policies and guidelines and important issues in the economic and social fields before and during decision-making and during decision-making implementation. The Communist Party of China adopts and concentrates their opinions and suggestions. All parties, groups, people from all walks of life accept the Party’s propositions and publicizes and explains the Party’s policies and policies among the masses of all walks of life, increase trust and resolve doubts, reflect public opinion most widely, and focus on the fullest ideas, build common knowledge to the greatest extent, and consolidate the common ideological foundation of unity and struggle. The Plenary Session of the National Committee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference and the National People’s Congress are held at the same time every year. CPPCC members not only have to discuss the issues of the CPPCC, but also attend the National People’s Congress meeting and participate in the discussion of relevant legal amendments, the work report of the “one government and two houses”. Such institutional arrangements have truly achieved the “two sessions”-style democracy with Chinese characteristics.
The multi-party cooperation and political consultation system led by the Communist Party of China truly, widely and lastingly represents and realizes the fundamental interests of the vast majority of the people and the fundamental interests of all ethnic groups and all walks of life in the country, effectively avoiding the disadvantages of the old-style party system representing a few people and a few interest groups; closely uniting all political parties and non-party members and striving for the common goal, effectively avoiding the disadvantages of the lack of supervision of one party or the multiple parties taking turns to take charge and vicious competition; through institutionalized, procedural and standardized arrangements, concentrating various opinions and suggestions, promoting scientific and democratic decision-making, effectively avoidingThe old-style party system is confined to the disadvantages of social divisions caused by party interests, class interests, regional and group interests decision-making and governance.
(IV) Consolidate and develop the broadest patriotic united front
The united front is an important magic weapon for the Communist Party of China to unite people’s hearts and gather strength. In the practice of people’s democratic, the Communist Party of China has always placed the united front in an important position, adhered to great unity and great unity, adhered to the unity of consistency and diversity, coordinated the work of democratic parties and non-party members, non-party intellectuals, ethnic work, religious work, united front work in the field of non-public economy, united front work for new social classes, united front work for Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan, overseas unified front work and overseas Chinese affairs work, united all forces that can be united and mobilized all positive factors that can be mobilized, widely build consensus, seek the greatest common divisor, draw the largest concentric circle, continuously promote harmony in party relations, ethnic relations, religious relations, class relations, and relations between compatriots at home and abroad, and maximize the gathering of all wisdom and strength of the Chinese nation.
The Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference is an organization of the patriotic united front of the Chinese people. The National Committee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference has 34 sectors, composed of representatives from the Communist Party of China, various democratic parties, non-party members, people’s organizations, ethnic minorities and all walks of life, representatives of compatriots in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, compatriots in the Macao Special Administrative Region, Taiwan compatriots and returning overseas Chinese, and specially invited persons. The first session of the 13th National Committee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference had more than 2,100 members, of which 60.2% were non-CPC members. Such an organizational composition embodies the important characteristics of great unity and great unification. On the political basis of loving the People’s Republic of China, supporting the leadership of the Communist Party of China, and jointly committed to the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, seeking common ground while reserving differences, gathering similarities and reshaping differences to the greatest extent, mobilizing all positive factors, uniting all people who can be united, and gathering powerful forces for common unity and struggle to the greatest extent.
(5) Adhering to and improving the system of regional ethnic autonomy
China is a unified multi-ethnic country, forging a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation, always maintaining the integrity and unity of the country, and achieving common struggle, common prosperity and development of all ethnic groups is the policy and purpose of the Communist Party of China’s ethnic policy. The system of regional ethnic autonomy refers to the system in which under the unified leadership of the state, the places where ethnic minorities live in implement regional autonomy, establish autonomous organs, and exercise autonomy rights. The system of regional ethnic autonomy is clarified in the Constitution and the Law on Regional Ethnic Autonomy and is a basic political system in China.
China implements regional ethnic autonomy, based on territorial integrity and national unity, reflecting the combination of unity and autonomy, and the combination of ethnic factors and regional factors, which is completely in line with China’s national conditions and reality. China<a href="httpThe regional ethnic autonomy of Komiks is self-government under the unified leadership of the state. All ethnic autonomous regions are inseparable parts of China. The autonomous organs of ethnic autonomous regions are first-level local governments under the leadership of the central government and must obey the unified leadership of the central government.
The implementation of regional ethnic autonomy guarantees the equal rights of freedom and economic, social and cultural rights of ethnic minorities from the institutional and policy levels. Among the Standing Committees of the People’s Congress of 155 ethnic autonomous regions, citizens of regional autonomous ethnic groups serve as directors or deputy directors; the chairman, governor, county magistrate or banner head of ethnic autonomous regions are all from ethnic groups that implement regional autonomous regions. Citizens. According to the characteristics and needs of each ethnic minority, China helps ethnic minority regions accelerate economic and cultural development.
The system of regional ethnic autonomy has greatly enhanced the pride and responsibility of the people of all ethnic groups to be masters of their own country, and has greatly mobilized the enthusiasm, initiative and creativity of the people of all ethnic groups to jointly create a better future for the Chinese nation and share the great glory of the Chinese nation. Under this institutional framework, the situation of great unity of the Chinese nation has been continuously consolidated, the exchanges and integration of people of all ethnic groups is becoming increasingly extensive and in-depth, the socialist ethnic relations of equality, unity, mutual assistance and harmony continue to develop, 56 ethnic groups hugged each other tightly like pomegranate seeds, and the sense of community of the Chinese nation is becoming increasingly solid.
(VI) Adhere to and improve the grassroots mass autonomy system
China The country has a large population and a wide area, and there are great differences in grassroots governance. China implements a grassroots mass autonomy system with the village autonomy system, residents’ autonomy system and employee congress system as the main content. Under the leadership and support of grassroots party organizations, the people directly exercise democratic rights in accordance with the law, realizing self-management, self-service, self-education, and self-supervision, effectively preventing the phenomenon that the people have formal rights but are actually powerless.
Village (community) autonomy. Under the leadership of grassroots party organizations, village (community) people establish village (community) committees to directly exercise democratic rights in accordance with the law, and manage grassroots public affairs and public welfare undertakings in accordance with the law. Democratic elections are implemented, and village (community) people elect members of the village (community) committee; democratic consultation is implemented, and village (community) people adopt various forms Carry out consultations; implement democratic decisions, and villages (residents) make decisions on community public affairs and public welfare undertakings through village (residents’ meetings or village (residents’ representative meetings; implement democratic management, and village (residents’) discuss and decide on village (residents’ self-government charter, village rules and regulations, residents’ conventions, etc., and carry out self-management; implement democratic supervision, and village (residents’) affairs supervision committees are elected by village (residents’) to supervise the implementation of village (community) affairs and village (residents’) affairs disclosure system. As of the end of 2020, 503,000 administrative villages have established villagers’ committees, and 112,000 communities have established residents’ committees.
Employees in enterprises and institutions exercise democratic rights in accordance with the law. Enterprises and institutions have established democratic management with the employee representative conference as the basic formSystem, employees play an active role in major decisions of enterprises and institutions and major matters involving employees’ vital interests; enterprises and institutions implement the system of employee directors and employee supervisors, fully implement the factory affairs disclosure system, explore leadership reception days, labor-management meetings, leadership mailboxes and other forms, reflect employees’ demands, coordinate labor relations and protect employees’ legitimate rights and interests, Babaylan put forward opinions and suggestions on unit production and management, and offer suggestions for unit development. The Enterprise Trade Union Committee is the working body of the Workers’ Congress. At this stage, China has a total of 2.809 million grassroots trade union organizations, covering 6.551 million enterprises and institutions.
Grassroots democratic innovation is very active. From the village (community) congress, village (community) forum, democratic talks, democratic hearings in urban and rural communities to the joint entry of party representatives, NPC deputies, and CPPCC members into the community, from the “small court meeting hall” to “bench democracy”, from offline “roundtable meeting” to online “conference groups”, the Chinese people have explored and created one democratic form after another in the hot grassroots life. Through these down-to-earth and popular democratic practices, people have expressed their opinions and suggestions on practical issues involving their own personal interests, conducted extensive consultations, coordinated interests, effectively resolved contradictions, and promoted stability and harmony at the grassroots level. Many good experiences and practices of grassroots democracy have become national policies, constantly injecting new impetus into China’s democratic development.
The system of grassroots mass autonomy has enhanced the democratic awareness and democratic ability of grassroots masses, cultivated the democratic habits of grassroots masses, and fully demonstrated the broadness and authenticity of Chinese democracy. The autonomy of grassroots masses has made social cells active, making “micro-governance” more dynamic and more efficient, and providing solid institutional guarantees for building a grassroots governance community where everyone has responsibility, everyone fulfills their responsibilities, and everyone enjoys.
3. Democratic practice with concrete reality
The people’s democracy in the entire process of China’s development has both complete institutional procedures and complete participation practices. The whole process of people’s democracy combines electoral democracy with consultative democracy, integrates democratic elections, democratic consultation, democratic decision-making, democratic management, and democratic supervision, covering all aspects of economy, politics, culture, society, ecological civilization, etc., paying attention to major issues of national development, difficult social governance, and daily trivial matters of the people. It has time continuity, overall content, coordination in operation, and extensiveness and sustainability of people’s participation, so that all links and aspects of national political life and social life reflect the people’s wishes and hear the voice of the people, effectively preventing the phenomenon of promises everywhere during the election and no one cares about it after the election.
(One) Democratic Election
The people exercise their rights through elections and voting, and electing people who represent their own wishes to master and exercise their power is an important form of Chinese democracy and an important manifestation of the people’s realization of being masters of their own country.
China’s elections are extensive, including state-owned institutions elections, village (neighborhood) committee elections, and enterprise and institutions employee representative conference elections, covering all aspects of national political life and social life; China’s elections are equal, and the people’s right to vote and the right to be elected are fully guaranteed, with one person, one vote, votes and votes equal; China’s elections are real, not controlled by money, and voters elect people they trust according to their own wishes; China’s elections are developing, and the forms and means of elections are constantly innovating and enriching with the development of the economy and society.
State institutional elections. The election of state institutions refers to Komiks, which elects the National People’s Congress and local people’s congresses at all levels, and elects leaders of state organs at the same level by the people’s congresses at all levels. In China, citizens over the age of 18, with the nationality of the People’s Republic of China, and have not been deprived of their political rights in accordance with the law have the right to vote and the right to be elected. From the National People’s Congress to the township people’s congresses, deputies to the five-level people’s congresses are democratically elected, with a term of five years for each term. In accordance with the principles of universal, equality, direct election and indirect election, as well as differential elections and secret ballots, voters directly elect people’s congress representatives at the county and township levels, and people’s congress representatives at the county and above are elected by the next level of the people’s congress. Leaders of state organs at all levels are elected or decided to be appointed by the National People’s Congress at the same level.
Grassroots elections. Grassroots elections are China’s most extensive and vivid democratic practices, including the election of village (neighborhood) committees and the election of employees’ congresses for enterprises and institutions. The village (neighborhood) committee is composed of director, deputy director and member, and the village (neighborhood) committee elections are held simultaneously with county and township people’s congress elections. Villagers (residents) will regularly elect members of the village (neighborhood) committee in accordance with the law. In enterprises and institutions, the employee representative conference is an institution where employees are masters of their own affairs and exercise democratic management powers. Employee representatives are democratically elected by all employees.
China’s democratic elections are in line with China’s national conditions, are in line with China’s development stage, and are keeping pace with the times with economic and social development. Over the past few decades, China has amended the election law in a timely manner. When electing deputies to the National People’s Congress, the proportion of population represented by each representative in rural and urban areas has gradually achieved equal elections for urban and rural populations from 8:1 in the early days of the founding of New China, to 4:1 in 1995, and then to 1:1 in 2010. People’s sense of democracy continues to increase, and their election rate continues to increase. Since the reform and opening up, China has successively held 12 direct elections for township-level people’s congress representatives and 11 direct elections for county-level people’s congress representatives, and the voter’s election rate has remained at around 90%.
(II) Democratic consultation
It is easy to discuss things, and everyone’s affairs are allDiscussion and finding the greatest common divisor of the will and demands of the whole society is the true meaning of people’s democracy. While exercising rights through elections and voting, the people conduct full consultations before and during major decisions and reach consensus on common issues as much as possible. Deliberative democracy is a unique, unique and unique form of democracy in China’s democracy.
Have a solid foundation. Deliberative democracy originated from the excellent political culture of the Chinese nation, such as being inclusive, inclusive, and seeking common ground while reserving differences, from the actual process of China’s political development since modern times, from the long-term practice of the Communist Party of China leading the people to carry out unremitting struggle, from the great creation achieved by all parties, groups, ethnic groups, classes, and people from all walks of life after the founding of New China, from the continuous innovation of China’s political system since the reform and opening up, with a deep cultural, theoretical, practical and institutional foundation.
There are wide and diverse forms. At all fields and levels, the people conduct extensive consultations before and during decision-making implementation through various channels and methods such as proposals, meetings, seminars, argumentation, hearings, evaluations, consultations, networks, and opinion polls on major issues of reform, development and stability, as well as issues concerning their own interests. Things involving the interests of the people of all ethnic groups in the country shall be widely discussed among the whole people and the whole society; things involving the interests of the people of a local area shall be widely discussed among the people in this place; things involving the interests of some people and specific people shall be widely discussed among the people; things involving the interests of the grassroots people shall be widely discussed among the grassroots people.
The system is constantly improving. China has continuously improved the development path of consultative democracy, explored and formed consultation channels such as party consultation, NPC consultation, government consultation, CPPCC consultation, people’s organization consultation, grassroots consultation, and social organization consultation, and promoted the extensive and multi-level institutional development of consultative democracy. Political party consultation is the Chinese Communist Party’s relevant important documents, constitutional amendments, the formulation and amendment of relevant important laws, candidates for national leaders, medium- and long-term plans for national economic and social development, and annual economic and social development. href=”https://funnybookish.com/”>Cinema development, important issues related to reform, development and stability, major issues related to united front and multi-party cooperation, etc., to conduct consultations with democratic parties; NPC consultations are the people’s congresses at all levels in the exercise of their powers in accordance with the law; government consultations are the people’s congresses at all levels to strengthen communication and consultations with NPC deputies, CPPCC members, democratic parties, non-party members, relevant people’s organizations, social organizations and mass representatives in the performance of their duties; CPPCC consultations are the people’s congresses that participate in the CPPCC under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, and perform their functions, and focus on major issues of reform, development and stability, etc., before and before and before decision-making.”>Komiks extensive consultation and consensus building; people’s organization consultation is the people’s organization that strengthens consultation with relevant government departments on practical issues involving the vital interests of the masses, especially those related to the protection of the rights and interests of specific groups, and actively participates in consultation activities of the CPPCC; grassroots consultation is grassroots party organizations, grassroots governments, grassroots mass autonomous organizations, economic and social organizations and the masses, etc., on grassroots social development and issues related to the vital interests of the masses; social organization consultation is the various social organizations that better serve the society and actively carry out and participate in consultation. These seven types of consultations Channels greatly enrich the forms of democracy, broaden the channels of democracy, and deepen the connotation of democracy.
China’s deliberative democracy opens up channels of speech, brainstorm, promotes full expression and in-depth exchange of different ideas and views, achieve mutual respect, equal consultation without imposing it on others, follow rules, orderly consultation without saying each other, be considerate and tolerant, negotiate sincerely without extreme and paranoid, and form a good consultation atmosphere that is both free to speak, expresses one’s own opinions, is rational and moderate, and is legal and legal, and is fully carried forward the spirit of democracy, widely gathers consensus of the whole society, and promotes social harmony and stability.
(III) Democratic decision-making
Democratic decision-making is an important part of people’s democracy in the whole process. Good decision-making reflects the will of the people, protects the rights and interests of the people, and enhances the welfare of the people. In China, observing the people’s sentiments, listening to the people’s voices, following the people’s opinions, striving for the people, and brainstorming has become the norm. More and more voices from the grassroots level directly reach the decision-making level at all levels, and more and more people’s opinions are transformed into major decision-making by the Party and the government.
The People’s Congress “opens the door to legislate.” People’s Congress and its Standing Committees at all levels insist on serving the people Legislation and democratic legislation ensure that the people participate in legislative activities through various channels, and strive to make every legislation reflect the will of the people and be supported by the people. Legal project establishment, widely listen to opinions through symposiums, hearings, argumentation meetings, etc., so that the people’s will is reflected in the initial stage of legislation; draft law drafts, widely listen to public opinions and professional suggestions, and explore the commission of third parties to draft laws and regulations, so that the people’s demands are fully reflected; draft law is published, and opinions are widely solicited from all walks of life through the Internet and news media. Grassroots people directly participate in the drafting of draft laws, legislative research, revision and demonstration, post-legislative evaluation, etc. href=”https://funnybookish.com/”>Babaylan link.
The government “opens the door to ask for advice”. People’s governments at all levels fully listen to opinions from all parties on the major decisions to be implemented and the major decisions put forward by all parties, and ensure that the people participate in decision-making through various channels and forms. During the decision-making start-up process, NPC deputies and CPPCC members put forward suggestions through suggestions, proposals, etc., citizens, legal persons and other organizations make written suggestions, and the decision-making organs initiate decision-making procedures; in the decision-making research and formulation process, through symposiums, public solicitation of opinions, hearings, questionnaires, field visits, etc., they widely listen to the opinions and suggestions of all sectors of society, especially those who are directly related; in the public announcement of the draft decision, the draft decision and its explanatory materials are published through government websites and various media; in the final determination of the decision-making process, decisions are made in accordance with the principle of democratic centralism and on the basis of collective discussion; in the post-decision evaluation stage, listen to public opinions and absorb NPC deputies, CPPCC members, people’s organizations, grassroots organizations, social organizations and experts to participate in the evaluation.
The general public participates in grassroots decision-making. Grassroots people put forward opinions and suggestions on major issues in grassroots governance such as economic and social development, infrastructure construction, comprehensive social governance, grassroots cultural services, ecological environment protection, and autonomous charter formulation through village (community) meetings, village (community) representative meetings, and village (community) group meetings, and participate in decision-making and implementation.
(IV) Democratic management
The people’s affairs are managed by the people, and the people’s affairs are handled by the people. In China, the vast majority of people promote the spirit of ownership, play the main role, actively exercise democratic rights, and manage state affairs, economic and cultural undertakings, and social affairs through various channels and forms.
Participate in the management of national political life and social life. The people exercise the rights granted by the Constitution and assume the responsibilities and obligations granted by the Constitution, actively participate in elections, consultations, decision-making, supervision, etc., and participate in the management of national political life and social life at all levels and fields. The right to know, right to participate, right to express, and right to supervise are strongly guaranteed.
Democratic management of urban and rural communities. According to the Constitution, laws and relevant provisions, rural and urban community residents should discuss and formulate village (resident) autonomy charter, village rules and regulations, residents’ conventions, etc., and clearly stipulate the rights and obligations of village (residents), the relationships and work procedures between various types of village (community), as well as the autonomy requirements in economic management, social security, fire safety, environmental sanitation, marriage and family, neighborhood relations, family planning, and spiritual civilization construction, so as to generally realize the self-management, self-service, self-education, and self-supervision of village (residents) in grassroots public affairs and public welfare undertakings.
Democratic management of enterprises and institutions. More than 150 million market entities across the country operate independently, manage themselves and burst into vitality, carrying more than 700 million jobs, promoting the stable growth of China’s total economic output, national financial resources and social wealth. According to the Constitution, laws and relevant provisions, enterprises and institutions generally establish democratic management systems with employee representative conferences as the basic form and factory affairs disclosure system, employee director system, and employee supervisor system as the main content. Through these democratic management systems, employees participate in the management of enterprises and institutions and maintain unit positions.Legal rights and interests of the industry, realize consultation and work with units and employees, co-construction of mechanisms, co-creation of benefits, and sharing of interests. At present, among the trade union enterprises that have been established nationwide, there are 3.144 million enterprises that have established employee representative conferences, of which 2.938 million non-publicly owned enterprises, accounting for 93.4%.
Democratic management of social organizations. Social organizations such as social groups, foundations, and social service institutions generally formulate charters, strengthen organizational member management, carry out activities independently, concentrate on the opinions and suggestions of members or service objects, actively participate in social public affairs governance in an organized manner, and play a democratic management role in the fields of industry self-discipline, social services, charity, etc. As of November 2021, civil affairs departments at all levels have registered more than 900,000 social organizations, including 2,284 national social organizations. Social organizations with diverse forms have become an important area of people’s democratic management.
(V) Democratic Supervision
Comprehensive and effective democratic supervision ensures that the people’s democratic rights are not interrupted by the end of the election and ensures that the use of power is effectively restricted. In China, solving the problem of abuse of power and using power for personal gain cannot rely on the so-called party rotation and separation of powers, but must rely on scientific and effective democratic supervision. Based on its own country’s actual situation, China has explored and built an organically integrated and coordinated supervision system, forming a supervision network with scientific allocation, coordinated rights and responsibilities, and efficient operation, and gradually extended the supervision of power to every field and every corner.
National Congress Supervision. The People’s Congress plays its full role and supervises the implementation of the Constitution and laws, the implementation of major decisions and deployments. The People’s Congress and its Standing Committees at all levels strengthen supervision of the law enforcement, supervision and judicial work of the “one government, one committee and two courts”, ensure that laws and regulations are effectively implemented, and ensure that administrative power, supervision power, judicial power, and procuratorial power are correctly exercised. The people actively participate in the supervision work of the National People’s Congress through the form of “open supervision” such as symposiums of NPC deputies, grassroots mass symposiums, questionnaires, and online research.
Democratic supervision. The Communist Party of China supports democratic parties and non-party members to conduct democratic supervision by putting forward opinions, criticism, and suggestions on political consultation, research and inspection, and participate in the supervision and inspection of the implementation and implementation of major policies, decisions and deployments of the Party and the State, and on the basis of adhering to the four basic principles, they conduct democratic supervision by putting forward opinions, criticism, and suggestions. In various activities organized by the CPPCC, all parties, groups and people from all ethnic groups and walks of life participated in the CPPCC, in accordance with the CPPCC Charter, they focus on the implementation of major policies and important decisions and deployments of the Party and the country, and conduct consultative supervision by putting forward opinions, criticism and suggestions, and assist the Party and the government in solving problems, improving work, enhancing unity, and uniting their hearts and minds.
Administrative supervision. State administrative organs shall follow the statutory BabaylanPermissions, procedures and methods to supervise the organizational behavior and administrative behavior of administrative agencies themselves, including the supervision of each administrative agency from top to bottom, bottom to top and mutual supervision.
Supervision and supervision. The supervisory agency performs its supervisory supervision duties in accordance with the law, supervises and inspects the political character, exercise of public power and moral ethics of public officials, and urges relevant agencies and units to strengthen the education, management and supervision of their affiliated public officials.
Judicial supervision. Judicial organs and procuratorial organs Supervise the public power authorized by the people in accordance with statutory powers and procedures. Judicial supervision is the most compulsory supervision mechanism in the Party and the state supervision system. It is the “last line of defense” for the Party and the state to use supervision means to maintain the correct exercise of public power.
Audit Supervision. Audit supervision. Audit agencies conduct audit supervision on the implementation and final accounts of the budgets of various departments and lower-level governments at the same level and other fiscal revenue and expenditure in accordance with the law.
Financial and accounting supervision. The financial department authorized by the law to conduct audit supervision on the laws and administrative regulations of the management of finance, finance and accounting, Supervision of the implementation of departmental regulations and other regulations.
Statistical supervision. Statistical departments and relevant agencies responsible for statistical investigations supervise all organizations and personnel who exercise statistical power and have statistical obligations, prevent and punish statistical fraud and fraud, ensure that statistical data is true, accurate, complete and timely, and provide solid statistical guarantees for economic and social development.
Mass supervision. Citizens, legal persons or other organizations supervise the performance of their duties at all levels of state organs and their members through various means, and can apply for administrative reconsideration in accordance with the law. Initiating administrative litigation, you also have the right to report to the supervisory authorities to sue the supervisory authorities for failing to perform their duties in accordance with the law, violating the provisions of impartial use of power, honest government and moral ethics, and suspected of illegal duties and crimes.
Public opinion supervision. The media fully plays the role of public opinion supervision and promptly exposes behaviors such as abuse of public power and dereliction of duty. With the rapid development of the Internet, people have used more and more platforms to put forward opinions, suggestions and criticisms to state organs and public officials at all levels. The Internet plays an increasingly important role in public opinion supervision. Babaylan
Cinema IV. Widely and realistic democracy
Complete institutional procedures and complete participation practices make the whole process people’s democracy from values to institutional forms, governance mechanisms and people’s lifestyle rooted from the land of China. The people are masters of the country, which are specifically and realistically reflected in the Party’s policies and measures to govern the country, in all aspects and levels of the Party and state organs, in concrete and realistically reflected in the realization of people’s lives.People yearn for a better life. The sunshine of democracy shines on the land of China, and the Chinese people enjoy broad, full, real, concrete, effective and effective democracy.
(1) The people enjoy extensive rights
The Chinese Constitution stipulates that all the powers of the state belong to the people; in accordance with the law, the people manage state affairs, economic and cultural undertakings, and social affairs through various channels and forms. China’s political power is not distributed based on status, wealth, or relations, but is enjoyed equally by all people. State power does not serve capital, but serves the people.
China implements the common development of public ownership economy as the main body and multiple ownership economies, distribution according to work as the main body, multiple distribution methods coexist, and other basic socialist economic systems such as the socialist market economic system. The lifeline of the national economy is firmly grasped in the hands of the people, and the people are masters of their own country with a solid economic foundation and material guarantee.
In China, the people enjoy the right to vote and be elected in accordance with the law, the right to know, participate, express and supervise state and social affairs, the right to criticize and suggest any state organ and state staff, and the freedoms of speech, publishing, assembly, association, parade, demonstration, and religious belief. The people not only participate widely in the management of national, social affairs and economic and cultural undertakings, but also widely and fully exercise democratic rights in daily life. Everyone has multiple democratic roles and enjoys corresponding democratic rights.
In China, human rights are fully respected and effectively protected. A happy life for the people is the greatest human right. China’s economy has maintained long-term stable and rapid development, and people’s lives have improved significantly. China has built the world’s largest social security system, with basic medical insurance covering more than 1.3 billion people and basic pension insurance covering more than 1 billion people. China has fully built a moderately prosperous society, and more than 1.4 billion people have completely escaped absolute poverty and are moving towards common prosperity. The Chinese people’s sense of gain, happiness and security are constantly improving, the right to survival, development and health are fully guaranteed, and the rights in economic, political, cultural, social, and environmental aspects are constantly developing.
The rights enjoyed by the Chinese people are constantly enriching and developing. From seeking survival and development on the basis of political and economic equality after the founding of New China, to pursuing both material and spiritual prosperity after the reform and opening up, to winning the battle against poverty in the new era, building a moderately prosperous society in all respects, solidly advancing common prosperity, and achieving major strategic results in fighting the new crown pneumonia epidemic, the connotation of the enjoyment of rights of the Chinese people has been continuously enriched and expanded, and is constantly moving towards achieving the all-round development of people.
(II) People’s democratic participation continues to expand
The people only wake up when they vote and enter a dormant period after voting. They only listen to the slogans during the campaign and have no say after the campaign. They only get favored when they canvass and are neglected after the election. Such peopleThe Lord is not a true democracy. In China, the concept of democracy is deeply rooted in the hearts of the people, the people’s democratic participation is extensive and continuous, and democratic practice is deeply integrated into people’s daily work and production and life. Democracy has become a trend and society is full of vitality.
The people’s willingness to participate in democracy is constantly increasing, and the breadth and depth of participation are constantly expanding. The people participate in the management of national and social affairs, and the management of economic and cultural undertakings; they participate in the consultation on opinions and suggestions on top-level design of national development, and participate in the governance of local public affairs; they participate in democratic elections and democratic consultations, and democratic decision-making, democratic management, and democratic supervision; they express their wishes through channels such as the National People’s Congress and the CPPCC, and express their demands through social organizations and the Internet. From “Search Doudou” (Note ②) to electronic voting, from the masses to “data running away”, the forms of democratic participation are constantly innovating and the channels are constantly expanding. The people’s participation is throughout the world.
The people’s interests can be expressed smoothly and effectively realized. Democracy begins with the full expression of the people’s wishes and is implemented in the effective realization of the people’s wishes. The people’s will can only be expressed but not realized, and is not a true democracy. In China, the people’s expectations, hopes and demands, from national policies to social governance, to people’s food, clothing, housing and transportation, have some people’s opinions, some people listen to them, and some people listen to them. The people’s wishes and voices have become the principles and policies of the Party and the country through democratic decision-making procedures. Through close cooperation and implementation at all levels at the central, provincial, municipal, county, and townships, through division of labor cooperation and coordination among various functional departments, through mutual cooperation and organic connection between decision-making, execution, inspection, supervision, accountability and other links, it is transformed into a concrete practice of realizing the will of the people. For practical issues involving their own interests, people can give their opinions and demands through petition platforms, leadership mailboxes, government hotlines, online “message boards”, etc., and can receive timely feedback and responses.
(III) Efficient national governance
Democracy is closely related to national governance. The development of democracy is accompanied by the modernization of national governance, interacts with each other and promotes each other. There is no absurd phenomenon of “failure” and “inefficiency” in national governance. There are many domestic problems, but democracy is a “world model”. A good democracy must achieve good governance and promote national development.
The high quality of China’s democracy has promoted the high efficiency of national governance and improved the modernization level of the national governance system and governance capabilities. China’s democracy fully demonstrates the people’s dominant position and greatly enhances the people’s sense of ownership. The people are not only participants in democracy, but also beneficiaries of democracy. They are fully stimulated by their wisdom and power, and strive for both themselves and the country and the nation. China’s democracy effectively regulates national political relations, develops vibrant party relations, ethnic relations, religious relations, class relations, and relationships between compatriots at home and abroad, enhances national cohesion, avoids involvement to the greatest extent, and effectively prevents mutual constraints and serious internal frictions., formed a stable and united political situation and a strong joint force to unite officials. China’s democracy closely integrates the Party’s propositions, the state will and the people’s will, making the Party, the country and the people a whole with the same goals, consistent interests, mutual integration, and same direction, creating great coupling forces, forming institutional advantages of concentrating efforts to accomplish major tasks, effectively promoting the liberation and development of social productive forces, promoting various undertakings of modernization, and promoting the continuous improvement of people’s quality of life and level. China’s democracy has always put the interests of the Chinese people first, effectively safeguarded the country’s independence and autonomy, effectively safeguarded the national sovereignty, security and development interests, and effectively safeguarded the welfare of the Chinese people and the Chinese nation.
In the past 70 years since the founding of New China, the Party has united and led the people, continuously overcome various difficulties and obstacles that are rare in the world on the road ahead, successfully embarked on the path of Chinese modernization, and achieved remarkable development achievements. China’s economic strength, comprehensive national strength, and people’s living standards have been significantly improved. For China, a largest developing country with a large population, large size and per capita resource endowment, it is impossible to achieve such development without the people’s ownership and spirit of ownership and the unity and struggle of hundreds of millions of people. China’s democracy truly implements development for the people, development relies on the people, and the fruits of development are shared by the people, and fully mobilizes the people’s subjective initiative. This is the “code” of China’s governance and the power of China’s democracy.
(IV) Social harmony and stability
Democracy is the product and symbol of the progress of human society. To develop democracy, we must promote society to move towards freedom, equality, justice, civilization, unity and harmony. Good democracy should build social consensus rather than cause social divisions and conflicts; social fairness and justice should be maintained, rather than leading to the solidification of social classes and interests; social stability and order should be maintained, rather than bringing chaos and turmoil; society should be filled with positive energy for beauty, goodness and upwardness, rather than negative energy for falsehood, evil and ugliness.
China’s national conditions are complex and difficult to govern is rare in the world. China’s people’s democracy will achieve the coordination and unity of all parties’ will and interests, and achieve unity between all parties on the basis of common ideas, common interests and common goals. The people will live and work in peace and contentment, feel comfortable, and have a harmonious and stable society and lively vitality. China has spent decades through the industrialization process that Western developed countries have experienced in hundreds of years. In the violent social changes, there has been no social unrest that is prone to occur in the modernization process of late-developing countries. It not only creates a miracle of rapid economic development, but also creates a miracle of long-term social stability. The Chinese people have experienced the greatest development of personal freedom in thousands of years of history. Thoughts can be expressed freely, people can flow freely, the source of innovation of hundreds of millions of people is fully flowing, and creative vitality is competing to burst out. In today’s China, people freely travel between urban and rural areas and between cities; 16,000 enterprises are born every day; 1 billion netizens understand the world’s major events, communicate and express their opinions through the Internet… Chinese society is open and free, but it has always maintained social unity andHarmonious, stable and orderly. People’s democracy is not only a propeller of China’s social progress, but also a lubricant of China’s social progress.
(5) Effective restraint and supervision of the use of power
Power is a “double-edged sword”. Only when power is operated under effective constraints and supervision can democracy be achieved and benefit the people. If power loses constraints and arbitrary actions will inevitably undermine democracy and endanger the people. China continues to strengthen its constraints and supervision on the exercise of power, always insists that public power belongs to public, always insists on using power for the people, and ensure that the power granted by the people is always used to seek happiness for the people.
Tuck power into the cage of the system. Strengthen the constraints and supervision of power, the system is fundamental, overall, stable and long-term. Continue to promote the governance of the Party in accordance with regulations, continue to promote the rule of law, governing according to law, and administration according to law, set powers, regulate powers, restrict powers, and supervise powers in accordance with the law, so that power can operate in the sunshine. Improve and perfect the system of party regulations and systems, strictly enforce discipline and rules, so that party organizations at all levels and party members and cadres can act within the scope of discipline and rules. The term system for leading cadres is generally implemented, achieving orderly replacement of state organs and leadership. Strengthen the management of leading cadres, especially senior leading cadres, strictly regulate work and living treatment, and resolutely prevent the formation of privileged classes. Improve the Party and state supervision system, adhere to and improve the Party and state supervision system, improve the system of disclosure of party affairs, government affairs, judicial affairs and various fields, ensure that the leading organs and personnel of the Party and state carry out their work within the scope of the statutory “power list” and “responsibility list” and in accordance with statutory procedures, and prevent power derailment and individual rent-seeking to the greatest extent.
Resolutely oppose and punish corruption. Corruption is the enemy of people’s democracy. With a clear attitude of “offending thousands of people and living up to 1.4 billion”, China unswervingly advances the fight against corruption. Adhere to the systematic treatment and treat both the symptoms and the root causes, promote the integration of not daring to be corrupt, not being able to be corrupt, and do not want to be corrupt, and work together to punish deterrence, institutional constraints, and awareness. We will adhere to the principle of no forbidden zones, full coverage, zero tolerance for anti-corruption, adhere to heavy containment, strong high pressure, and long-term deterrence, insist on investigating bribery and bribery at the same time, insist on investigating cases and punishing corruption with fierce medicine, and use severe punishment to cure chaos, use the courage of scraping bones to cure poison and cut off the arm of a hero, unswervingly “fighting tigers”, “swatting flies” and “hunting foxes”, punishing corruption with thunder and thunder means, continue to form a strong deterrence, and achieve overwhelming victory in the fight against corruption and comprehensively consolidated. In terms of solving corruption, a chronic disease in governing the country in ancient and modern times, China not only has a clear attitude, but also has practical actions.
Whether to judge whether a democratic form is good or not is the most convincing practice and the people have the most say. In the final analysis, it depends on whether the people can live a good life. Whether China’s democracy is good or not depends on whether the Chinese people are satisfied or not and whether the Chinese people support it or not. Data shows that in recent years, the satisfaction of the Chinese people with the Chinese government has remained above 90% every year, which is the most true reflection of the strong vitality of Chinese democracy. If China’s democratic path is well followed, the Chinese people will firmly follow this path.
5. Enrich the forms of human political civilization
Democracy is a political form formed by human society after thousands of years of exploration and has played an important role in the process of human development. However, since the 20th century, in the turbulent tide of democratization, some countries have stagnated, some countries have fallen into turmoil, and some countries have fallen apart. Today’s world is facing both “democratic surplus” and “democratic speeding”, as well as “democratic deficit” and “democratic loss”. What’s wrong with democracy? Is democracy still effective? Answering the “question of democracy” and clarifying the “myth of democracy” is related to world peace and development and the future of human civilization. The setbacks or even crises in democratization in some countries are not the fault of democracy itself, but the deviations in democratic practice.
China’s democracy has gone through a arduous journey of choice, exploration, practice and development. China’s development of people’s democracy in the entire process based on its national conditions has not only distinct Chinese characteristics, but also reflects the common pursuit of democracy by all mankind; it not only promotes China’s development and the rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, but also enriches the form of human political civilization.
(I) Explore new paths for the development of human democracy
In the process of modernization, it is extremely important and extremely difficult for a country to achieve a benign interaction between democratic development and political stability and social progress.
China’s modernization did not follow the old path of the West, but created the path of Chinese-style modernization; it did not copy the Western democratic model, but created Chinese-style democracy. More than 1.4 billion Chinese people, which account for nearly one-fifth of the world’s population, truly realize their mastery of their own country and enjoy extensive rights and freedoms, boost the confidence of developing countries in developing democracy and explore new paths for the development of human democracy. This is China’s significant contribution to human political civilization and a huge progress in human society.
The people are masters of their own country and are the original intention of Chinese democracy. In the process of developing democracy, China has also taken detours and encountered setbacks, but it has always adhered to its original aspirations, unwavering, deviating, and distorted. In today’s China, the connotation of the people’s mastery of the country is constantly enriched, the channels are constantly broadened, and the efficiency is constantly improving, and China’s democracy is constantly advancing forward.
Establishing a correct democratic outlook and consistently uphold, develop and innovate is the primary priority in developing democracy and the “main key” and “main switch” to realize democracy. To be truly democratic and good at democracy, we must be masters of the country. The people not only have the right to elect and vote, but also have the right to participate widely; not only can they express their own wishes, but they can also effectively achieve them; not only can they promote national development, but also share the fruits of development.
(2) Take the path of democratic development that conforms to national conditions
Democracy is diverse, and there is not only one way to achieve democracy. Different countries have different history and culture and different real national conditions, and the choice of forms of democracy is bound to be different. Copying the democratic model of other countries will inevitably lead to disagreement with the local environment, a lot of problems, and even falling into political turmoil, social unrest, and people’s displacement.
What kind of democracy should be chosen for a big country like ChinaThe development path is crucial. China focuses on absorbing and learning from all the beneficial achievements of human political civilization, but will never copy the democratic models of other countries; welcome all useful suggestions and well-intentioned criticism, but will never accept domineering preaching like a “teacher”. Adhering to the design and development of China’s democracy in accordance with China’s characteristics and China’s reality, and unswervingly following the path of democratic development that conforms to national conditions is a basic experience of China’s democratic development.
China develops democracy, always based on the basic national conditions of a large population, a weak foundation and a weak foundation, correctly grasp the relationship between democracy and development, always regard development as the top priority, promote national development with democracy, promote democracy on the basis of national development, and talk about democracy without leaving development; always inherit 5,000 years of Chinese civilization, and focus on drawing wisdom and nutrients from the excellent traditional Chinese culture; finally Babaylan finally accurately grasp the Chinese community href=”https://funnybookish.com/”>Komiks is in a historical stage, closely combining with the level of economic and social development to promote democracy, actively and steadily and seek progress in stability, not be too ambitious, not rush to achieve success, and do not make subversive mistakes; always adhere to problem-oriented approach, constantly discover problems and be good at solving problems, and push democratic construction forward with each problem solved, and continuously promote the democratic system to be more mature and more established.
There is no exact same political system in the world, nor is there a political system model applicable to all countries. Countries should choose democratic forms that conform to their modernization development based on their own characteristics, and learn from them rather than copy them. The best one is suitable. Only democracy that builds the foundation of the country and absorbs abundant nutrients can continue to develop and improve, and be the most reliable and useful. External interference and so-called “democratic transformation” will bring endless harm. China does not seek to export China’s “democratic model” and will never accept any external forces’ attempts to change China’s institutional model. China firmly supports all countries in independently choosing their own democratic development paths and opposes external forces using “democracy” as an excuse to interfere in other countries’ internal affairs.
(III) Promote the democratization of international relations
Democracy is reflected in the people’s mastery of the country, and among countries it is reflected in the democratization of international relations. The dignity of a country should be respected and the interests of sovereignty, security and development should not be violated. Judging other countries by their own standards, and even forcing other countries to copy their own political systems and democratic models through color revolution and force, is anti-democratic.
China is a loyal pursuer, active promoter and model practitioner of democracy. It not only actively develops people’s democracy in its own country, but also vigorously promotes the democratization of international relations internationally. Faced with the great changes in the world that have not been seen in a century, China holds high the banner of peace, development, cooperation and win-win, puts forward the concept of building a community with a shared future for mankind, and promotes the construction of a new type of international relations of mutual respect, fairness and justice, and win-win cooperation. Face allIn the competition in economic, science and technology fields within the scope of the ball, China does not regard the other party as its opponent, but as its partner; it does not engage in Cold War and confrontation, control and manipulation, but promotes exchanges and cooperation and achieves mutual benefit and win-win results. China actively develops global partnerships, builds a framework for major power relations with overall stable and balanced development, deepens relations with neighboring countries in accordance with the concept of friendship, sincerity, favor and inclusiveness, and the neighboring diplomatic policy of being kind to each other and taking neighbors as partners, and strengthens unity and cooperation with developing countries under the correct view of justice and interests and the concept of true friendship and sincerity. China has promoted the joint construction of the “Belt and Road” in depth and practical ways, strengthened exchanges and cooperation with other countries and shared development opportunities, and the “Belt and Road” has become a popular international public product.
In today’s world, democracy, equality, fairness and justice are far from being realized. A few countries ignore international justice, trample on international norms, violate international public opinion, openly infringe on the sovereignty of other countries, interfere in the internal affairs of other countries, and often bully the small and rely on the strong to bully the weak, turning the “global village” into a primitive jungle where the strong prey on the weak. Faced with a challenging world, all countries should vigorously promote the spirit of democracy, regardless of size, strength, weakness, or poverty, they should be equal in international relations. A great country should be like a great country, take the future and destiny of mankind as the key, and shoulder greater responsibilities for world peace and development, rather than relying on its strength to be self-righteous and bully. The destiny of the world should be jointly controlled by the people of all countries, international rules should be jointly formulated by all countries, global affairs should be jointly governed by all countries, and development achievements should be shared by all countries.
(IV) Strengthen exchanges and mutual learning in civilizations
There are many ways to achieve democracy, and it is impossible to be the same. The real obstacle to the cause of human democracy is not the difference in the democratic model, but the arrogance, prejudice and hostility towards the democratic exploration of other countries, and the “self-righteousness” imposed on others’ democratic model. The reason why the garden of human political civilization is colorful is that different civilizations have their own advantages. All countries should adhere to the principle of equality, non-discrimination, respect each other’s democratic model, be committed to their own explorations, and strengthen exchanges and mutual learning; they should not only be beautiful, but also share the same beauty, and jointly promote the development of human civilization.
”One person, one vote” is a form of democracy, but it is by no means the only and the whole of democracy. For a long time, democratic principle has been alienated and distorted by a few countries, and Western electoral systems such as “one person, one vote” and party competition have been packaged as the only criterion for democracy. A few countries regard democracy as a political tool, use hegemonic thinking that is right or wrong, interferes in other countries’ internal affairs, infringes on the sovereignty of other countries, and serves their own political purposes in the name of democracy. They incite confrontation and division in the world under the banner of democracy, intensify international tensions, and become the source of chaos in the world. To continue to move forward, all countries must explore the true meaning of democracy and polish democracy if they want to achieve peaceful coexistence and common development.
Political parties are important subjects in modern national governance and an important force in promoting the progress of human society. In the historical trend of the development of human civilization, political parties in various countries should take on a highly responsible attitude towards the future and destiny of mankind, take responsibility for leading and promoting the development of human democracy, put people first, be open and inclusive, seek common ground while reserving differences,, respect each other, better achieve democratic development of the country and better achieve people’s happiness. The Communist Party of China is willing to continue to work with political parties and political organizations of various countries to deepen exchanges, strengthen mutual learning, and jointly promote the development and progress of human society.
Conclusion
Democracy has no best, only better. Human exploration and practice of democracy is endless.
China’s democratic development has made remarkable achievements. At the same time, compared with the new requirements of modernization construction and the new expectations of people for democracy, China’s democracy still needs to be continuously developed and improved. On the new journey of comprehensively building a modern socialist country, the Communist Party of China will continue to hold high the banner of people’s democracy, always adhere to the people-centered development philosophy, unswervingly promote people’s democracy in the whole process, and realize new development of democracy by constantly promoting the all-round development of people and common prosperity for all people, so that the tree of democracy will be deeply rooted and evergreen forever.
The world today is in a major change unseen in a century, full of opportunities and hope, as well as risks and challenges. Only by respecting the democratic path independently chosen by the people of all countries, adhering to peaceful development, safeguarding fairness and justice, expanding democracy and freedom, and enhancing people’s happiness, can we gather the strong synergy for the development of civilization of all mankind and move towards a better tomorrow together.
Civilization is colorful because of communication, and civilization is rich because of mutual learning. The Chinese people are willing to work with the people of all countries in the world to promote the common values of peace, development, fairness, justice, democracy and freedom for all mankind, in the spirit of mutual respect and seeking common ground while reserving differences, jointly enrich and develop human political civilization, and jointly promote the building of a common unity of shared future for mankind.
(Note ①) The eight democratic parties include: the Revolutionary Committee of the Kuomintang (referred to as the “Democratic Revolution”), the China Democratic League (referred to as the “Democratic League”), the China Democratic National Construction Association (referred to as the “Democratic League”), the China Democratic Promotion Association (referred to as the “Democratic Progressive Party”), the China Democratic Party (referred to as the “Democratic League”), the China Democratic Party (referred to as the “Democratic League”), the China Democratic Party (referred to as the “Democratic League”), the China Democratic and Autonomous League (referred to as the “Democratic League”).
(Note ②) Before the founding of New China, the Communist Party of China carried out extensive democratic election activities in the vast rural areas of the anti-Japanese base areas and liberated areas. At that time, the vast majority of farmers were illiterate. In order to allow them to participate in the election, the Communist Party of China used many creative methods. The most popular one was “bean selection”, that is, using beans instead of votes. Voters only had to throw the beans into the bowl representing the candidate they wanted to choose. In the end, the number of beans in the bowl determines who would be elected based on the number of beans in the bowl. At that time, there was a song like this circulating in many places: “Golden Doudou, silver Doudou, Doudou cannot be voted casually; choose good people, do good things, and invest them in the bowl of good people.”